Dysphasia Learning disabilities
Dysphasia is an inability to associate meaning with words. Receptive dysphasia indicates a disorder in understanding spoken language. Expressive dysphasia is a disorder in using language for effective oral communication
Dysphasia is a speech disorder in which there is an impairment of speech and of comprehension of speech.The term dysphasia has been eclipsed by the modern usage of the term aphasia. The term of word Dysphasia comes from the Greek.It is caused by brain damage, usually in the left side of the brain which is responsible for language and communication.
Dysphasia has been eclipsed by the modern usage of the term "aphasia" particularly in the field of speech and language pathology so as not to confuse with the swallowing disorder dysphagia. Aphasia literally means no speech. But the speech impairment in aphasia could range from complete absence of speech to difficulty in naming a few objects.
Aphasia has been the focus of scientific study only since the mid-nineteenth century. Although aphasia can be caused by a head injury and neurological conditions, a disruption of blood flow to the brain, which affects brain metabolism in localized areas of the brain. The onset of aphasia is usually abrupt, and occurs in individuals who have had no previous speech and language problems.
Has difficulty gaining meaning from spoken language
Demonstrates poor written output
Exhibits poor reading comprehension
Shows difficulty expressing thoughts in verbal form
Has difficulty labeling objects or recognizing labels
Is often frustrated by having a lot to say and no way to say it
Feels that words are “right on the tip of my tongue”
Can describe an object and draw it, but can’t think of the word for it
May be depressed or having feelings of sadness
Has difficulty getting jokes
The symptoms of global aphasia are those of severe clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology combined. There is an almost total reduction of all aspects of spoken and written language, in expression as well as comprehension. Improvement may occur in one or both areas over time with rehabilitation.
Wernicke's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology, is a type of aphasia often caused by neurological damage to Wernicke's area in the brain. This is not to be confused with Wernicke's encephalopathy or the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. If Wernicke's area is damaged in the non-dominant hemisphere, the syndrome resulting will be sensory dysprosody - the lack of ability to perceive the pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone of speech.Speech is preserved but language content is incorrect. This may vary from the insertion of a few incorrect or nonexistent words to a profuse outpouring of jargon. Rate, intonation and stress are normal. Substitutions of one word for another are common. Comprehension and repetition are poor.
Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is an aphasia caused by damage to anterior regions of the brain, including the left inferior frontal region known as Broca's area.
Sufferers of this form of aphasia exhibit the common problem of agrammatism. For them, speech is difficult to initiate, non-fluent, labored, and halting. Intonation and stress patterns are deficient. Language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor, omitting function words and inflections
Conduction aphasia, also called associative aphasia, is a relatively rare form of aphasia, thought to be caused by a disruption in the fiber pathways connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas. The arcuate fasciculus has previously been implicated as this fiber bundle, however more recent evidence suggests that the extreme capsule connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia, or TSA, is a type of Aphasia where sufferers have poor comprehension, but have fluent, grammatical speech. Patients can communicate well and are capable of good repetition. The main problem lies within the brain in a region known as the Temporal-occipital-parietal junction, located behind Wernicke's area. This disruption causes TSA sufferers to have Semantic paraphasia wherein aphasics do not use the correct word, but use another word of similar content . Lesions of the left posterior temporo-occipital lobe associated.
Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA) results from an injury to the anterior superior frontal lobe. The injury is typically caused by a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly referred to as a stroke. The area of insult is sometimes referred to as a watershed region, a region surrounding Broca's area. The insult typically involves the left hemisphere as most people are left hemisphere dominant for language.
As an aid to accurate diagnoses immediately following stroke, it is important to differentiate aphasia from cognitive disorders such as confusion and disorientation. To this end, brief, but general testing of the language functions can be incorporated into broader testing that might determine other cognitive functions. Evaluators must remember that language is the medium though which most of these other functions are observed. Therefore, language should be assessed first; if extensive aphasia is present, then only cautious interpretations of other cognitive functions may be given. At present, there are few available objective and standardized measures for testing during the acute phases of disorders such as stroke.
A number of standardized measures are available that provide an inventory of aphasic symptoms. These tests are useful in providing baseline and follow-up assessments to measure progress in treatment, as well as to guide the treatment itself. A fairly general feature of aphasia tests is that individuals without aphasic symptoms should perform with almost no errors on them. Tests are available to measure the extent and severity of language impairments as well as to provide information about functional skills and outcomes. Finally, there are assessments designed specifically to look at quality of life with aphasia.
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